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› 沖縄リーフチェック研究会 サンゴ写真 暫定版2016年02月12日
Alien Species problem of FRF plan
Background information of Alien Species problem and Futennma Replacement Facility(FRF) plan
1) Introduction
The islands of Okinawa, Japan have been facing challenges from the spread of alien species over the years. This situation is likely to be exacerbated in the near future. The controversial plan by the Government of Japan and the Government of the United States to construct a U.S. Marine Corps airbase in the area of Henoko and Oura Bay in northern Okinawa Island involves massive land reclamation. Land reclamation in turn requires transportation of 17 million cubic meters of rock and soil to the area from outside Okinawa. With this, the possibilities of introduction and spread of alien species to Okinawa are looming. Concerted efforts from the governments and the international community are urgently needed to address the issues.
2) International and Global Efforts to Address Alien Species Problems
It is recognized that invasive alien species and pathogenic microorganism are often direct causes of biodiversity loss. It is also recognized that controlling pathways of introduction and spread of invasive alien species and taking relevant recovery actions for the native species and ecological communities threatened by invasive alien species are necessary.
There are over 40 binding conventions, multilateral treaties and agreements that address issues of invasive alien species. They include the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, the Convention of Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Antarctic Treaty. They have set forth the international standards and guidelines according to which the parties can take action to prevent and manage the introduction and spread of invasive alien species.
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands addresses the need to take action for invasive species in their Resolution VII.14 titled "Invasive species and wetlands" adopted at the COP7 (1999). The Antarctic Treaty has issued Non-Native Species Manual (2011), providing guidelines for prevention and management of “harmful non-native species” in the Antarctic region. In the Aichi Biological Targets adopted by CBD in 2010, Target 9 states that “By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.” The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) provides a global database of invasive alien species, established the Invasive Species Specialist Group under the auspices of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, and has published the ‘IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss caused by Alien Invasive Species’ and Invasive Alien Species and Protected Areas Scoping Report.
3) Domestic Efforts in Japan
Invasive alien species have become widespread in Japan. Their impact on ecosystems as competitors for food and habitat and as predators of endemic and endangered animals has been showed in different places. They also cause serious damage to agriculture and fisheries. Some of these species have a potential risk for introducing infectious diseases to humans such as Salmonella Infection in Green Anoles (Anolis carolinensis) found in Ogasawara islands. Given this situation, the Government of Japan has been making effort to meet challenges from invasive alien species.
In the Second National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan (2002), the Government of Japan acknowledged that threats from alien species is one of the three major threats for biodiversity in Japan. It has established laws and plans and has amended the existing laws to address the issues of invasive alien species. They include the Basic Act on Biodiversity, the Invasive Alien Species Act and the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
In April 2015, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan released The List of Alien Species Which Might Affect Japanese Ecosystems and The Action Plan to Prevent Damage Caused by Alien Species. The Action Plan set forth three principles of action. They are 1) to prevent introduction of alien species, 2) to prevent abandonment of them, 3) to prevent their expansion. Among them, the first principle is regarded as the most important from the point of view of cost-effectiveness. Given that Japan is an island nation, controlling or managing “borders” at the “point of entry” is critical.
However, these national laws and plans have proved to be insufficient and impractical especially for alien species unintentionally introduced. The implementation of these plans has been ad hoc, and the “targets” emerging from these plans lack specific quantitative goals. Moreover, the nation laws and plans do not adequately take into account the fact that the Japan Archipelago stretching over 3.500 km north to south, creating regionally distinctive ecological and biological diversities within Japan. Thus, the introduction of one species endemic to one region to another region is often inadequately addressed.
4) Alien Species Issues in the Islands of Okinawa
Rich in biodiversity with various endemic species, the some 160 islands of Okinawa are regarded as an important region for environmental protection and conservation in Japan. Located in a sub-tropical zone and geographically separated by water from mainland Japan, these islands of Okinawa present distinctive but vulnarable ecological systems much different from those of mainland Japan. The Government of Japan has been promoting the northern part of Okinawa Island and Iriomote Island, along with Tokunoshima Island and Amamiosima Island, as candidate sites for UNESCO’s World Natural Heritage.
However, the islands of Okinawa have been facing serious challenges from the spread of alien species caused by both intentional and unintentional introductions of them. The most-cited example of alien species problems is that of the mangoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). It was introduced into Okinawa Island in 1910 and Amamioshima Island in 1979 in an attempt to control the population of venomous snakes. The mangoose however consume other small animals including endemic and endangered birds instead of venomous snakes and their population has become large. Efforts have been made by the national and prefectural governments to eradicate the mangoose, but with very limited success. This indicates that, given the vulnerable nature of island ecosystems, alien species, whether introduced intentionally or unintentionally, could be threats to the endemic species as well as to the entire ecosystems of the islands.
Complicating this situation are two current developments taking place in Okinawa. One is the ever-increasing number of tourists from both within and outside Japan coming to the islands of Okinawa. According to the statistics published by the Department of Culture, Tourism and Sports of the Okinawa prefectural government, the number of tourists visiting Okinawa in 2014 was a 7,056,200. This number is five times larger than the population of entire Okinawa. The increase in the number of tourists implies that more agricultural and aquaculture products are being transported by ships and planes from outside Okinawa for consumption and more construction materials for infrastructure improvement, including the construction of a new runway for the airport in Naha. All this has increased the possibilities of unintentional introductions of alien species to Okinawa via ships and planes. If not managed properly, this would have irreversible adverse effects on the ecosystem of the islands.
5) Construction of a U.S. Marine Corps Airbase and Alien Species
The other development that complicates the situation of alien species in Okinawa is the controversial plan by the Government of Japan and the Government of the United States to construct a U.S. Marin Corps facility (airbase) in the area of Henoko and Oura Bay in northern Okinawa Island. The construction of the airbase, which include two runways aligned in a “V”-shape, each runway having a length of 1,600 meters plus two 100-meter overruns exclusive of seawalls and naval port, requires massive land reclamation with 21 million cubic meters of soil and rock. Land reclamation works in turn requires transportation of 17 million cubic meters of soil and rock to the area from outside Okinawa, drastically increasing the possibilities of introduction and spread of alien species to Okinawa. This means that not only will the construction of the airbase damage the environment of Henoko and Oura Bay but it will also have far reaching effects over entire Okinawa Island and beyond.
The area of Henoko and Oura Bay is extremely rich in biodiversity. According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) conducted by the Ministry of Defense for the construction of the airbase, 5,334 marine species including 262 endangered species were recorded in the coastal waters. Among these endangered species is the dugong (Dugong dugon), which is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and as Endangered IA on the Japanese Ministry of Environment’s Red List. In fact, the IUCN World Conservation Congress in the past adopted three times Resolutions and Recommendation for conservation of the Dugong in Okinawa (2000, 2004 and 2008). Independent surveys conducted by experts and NGOs have recorded unidentified species of a huge sea cucumber and many other unidentified species of sponges, ctenophores, gorgonians, sea slugs, crabs. The surveys concluded that species diversity in this area might be greater than it is currently recognized (Ecological Society of Japan, 2014, NACS-J 2014).
The area of Henoko and Oura Bay also presents a distinctive ecosystem consisting of different but connected ecosystems and habitats in such a compact area. The area includes rivers flowing from the dense subtropical forest, mangrove forests developing in the estuaries, natural coasts (sandy beaches and rocky shores) and tidal flats bordering the bay, well-developed coral reefs with seaweed fields developing inside the reefs, and the deep bottoms with fine-sand, muddy, and boulder beds. This type of ecosystem is rarely found in other areas of Japan. In fact, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment has selected the area as one of the most important marine areas in Japan.
It is in this environment that 21 million cubic meters of soil and rock will be dumped and 17 million cubic meters of it will be obtained and transported from outside Okinawa. The proposed quarry sites include Setouchi, Goto, Sata misaki,Moji, Amakusa in mainland Japan and Amamioshima, Tokunoshima in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Both Amamioshima and Tokunoshima are, along with Okinawa Island and Iriomote Island, also designated as candidate sites for World Natural Heritage by the Government of Japan.
The transportation of a large quantity of soil and rock across different climate and geographical zones will certainly increase the possibilities of introductions of alien species to Okinawa Island, and this would also have far reaching effects on other islands of Okinawa if such species spread. Specific concern has been raised over the possible impact of Aspergillus species and Serratia marcescens on coral species in Okinawa. Also concern has been raised over the possible introduction of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), one of the 100 “worst invasive alien species,” to the area of Henoko and Oura Bay as the Argentine ant has become a serious problem in some of these proposed sites on mainland Japan from which soil and rock will be obtained and transported.
6) Response from the Government of Japan to the Possibilities of Introductions of Alien Species to Okinawa
So far, the Government of Japan has not addressed in any meaningful manner the issues of possibilities of introduction of alien species to Okinawa through the construction of the airbase to Okinawa. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) conducted by the Okinawa Defense Bureau for the construction of the airbase did not address the issues because, at that time, it was still unclear where soil and rock would be obtained from for land reclamation. The subsequent process of land reclamation approval revealed candidate quarry sites in mainland Japan, and questions were raised by experts and NGOs over the issues of prevention of alien species. The Government then took the stance that the issues of alien species would be addressed and resolved mainly by private companies contracted for extraction and transportation of soil and rock while the Government would oversee the companies’ operations. Today, the Government of Japan still maintains the same stance while no private companies have come forward to present their plans to prevent the introduction and spread of alien species.
Meanwhile, as criticism by experts and NGOs mounted over the EIA and the Land Reclamation Approval processes over the years, the present Governor of Okinawa assembled an independent committee to review the land reclamation approval process and the EIA in 2015. The committee concluded that the process was flawed and indeed aruged that issues regarding alien species were not addressed adequately. Based upon these conclusions, the present Governor rescinded the land reclamation permit in October 2015. The Government of Japan in turn filed a lawsuit against the present Governor of Okinawa for rescinding the land reclamation permit, arguing that the EIA conclusions and the land reclamation process were all valid. The Governor filed a counter lawsuit against the Government of Japan.
Conclusion
Today, as the court battles continue between the Government of Japan and the Okinawa Prefectural Government over the construction of the airbase, and as the people of Okinawa continue to protest the construction of the airbase, the Government of Japan and the Government of the US are proceeding with the construction of the airbase. Many argue that not only will the construction of the airbase destroy the environment of Henoko and Oura Bay but it could also have far reaching effects over entire Okinawa Island and beyond because of the possibilities of the introduction of alien species to Okinawa through the construction of the airbase. So far, however, no proper scientific inquiry has been made regarding these possibilities. Concerted efforts from the governments and the international community are urgently needed to address the issues.
Reference：
1) Resolution of CBD COP12 (TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN ISLANDS) https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/cop/cop-12/information/cop-12-inf-08-en.pdf
2) Seeking Expert Guidance and Advice for Dr. Piero Genovesi, Invasive Species Specialist Group Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature (February 2014)
http://www.nacsj.or.jp/katsudo/henoko/2014/02/post-83.html
3) Ikeda, T., Asano, M., Matoba, Y. and Abe, G. 2004. Present
status of invasive alien raccoon and its impact in Japan. Glob.
Environ. Res. 8: 125–131.
10. Infectious, A. S. R. 2010.
4) Yamada, F. and Sugimura, K. 2004. Negative impact of an
invasive small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus on native
wildlife species and evaluation of a control project in Amami-
Ohshima and Okinawa Islands, Japan. Glob. Environ. Res. 8:
117–124.
5) ^ "The Small Asian Mongoose introduced to the Island of Okinawa and Amami-Oshima: The Impact and Control Measure." Science Links Japan. Accessed 15 Feb 2009.
http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2009/01/japan%E2%80%99s-invasive-alien-species-act-toward-protecting-ecosystems/
1) Introduction
The islands of Okinawa, Japan have been facing challenges from the spread of alien species over the years. This situation is likely to be exacerbated in the near future. The controversial plan by the Government of Japan and the Government of the United States to construct a U.S. Marine Corps airbase in the area of Henoko and Oura Bay in northern Okinawa Island involves massive land reclamation. Land reclamation in turn requires transportation of 17 million cubic meters of rock and soil to the area from outside Okinawa. With this, the possibilities of introduction and spread of alien species to Okinawa are looming. Concerted efforts from the governments and the international community are urgently needed to address the issues.
2) International and Global Efforts to Address Alien Species Problems
It is recognized that invasive alien species and pathogenic microorganism are often direct causes of biodiversity loss. It is also recognized that controlling pathways of introduction and spread of invasive alien species and taking relevant recovery actions for the native species and ecological communities threatened by invasive alien species are necessary.
There are over 40 binding conventions, multilateral treaties and agreements that address issues of invasive alien species. They include the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, the Convention of Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Antarctic Treaty. They have set forth the international standards and guidelines according to which the parties can take action to prevent and manage the introduction and spread of invasive alien species.
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands addresses the need to take action for invasive species in their Resolution VII.14 titled "Invasive species and wetlands" adopted at the COP7 (1999). The Antarctic Treaty has issued Non-Native Species Manual (2011), providing guidelines for prevention and management of “harmful non-native species” in the Antarctic region. In the Aichi Biological Targets adopted by CBD in 2010, Target 9 states that “By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.” The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) provides a global database of invasive alien species, established the Invasive Species Specialist Group under the auspices of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, and has published the ‘IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss caused by Alien Invasive Species’ and Invasive Alien Species and Protected Areas Scoping Report.
3) Domestic Efforts in Japan
Invasive alien species have become widespread in Japan. Their impact on ecosystems as competitors for food and habitat and as predators of endemic and endangered animals has been showed in different places. They also cause serious damage to agriculture and fisheries. Some of these species have a potential risk for introducing infectious diseases to humans such as Salmonella Infection in Green Anoles (Anolis carolinensis) found in Ogasawara islands. Given this situation, the Government of Japan has been making effort to meet challenges from invasive alien species.
In the Second National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan (2002), the Government of Japan acknowledged that threats from alien species is one of the three major threats for biodiversity in Japan. It has established laws and plans and has amended the existing laws to address the issues of invasive alien species. They include the Basic Act on Biodiversity, the Invasive Alien Species Act and the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
In April 2015, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan released The List of Alien Species Which Might Affect Japanese Ecosystems and The Action Plan to Prevent Damage Caused by Alien Species. The Action Plan set forth three principles of action. They are 1) to prevent introduction of alien species, 2) to prevent abandonment of them, 3) to prevent their expansion. Among them, the first principle is regarded as the most important from the point of view of cost-effectiveness. Given that Japan is an island nation, controlling or managing “borders” at the “point of entry” is critical.
However, these national laws and plans have proved to be insufficient and impractical especially for alien species unintentionally introduced. The implementation of these plans has been ad hoc, and the “targets” emerging from these plans lack specific quantitative goals. Moreover, the nation laws and plans do not adequately take into account the fact that the Japan Archipelago stretching over 3.500 km north to south, creating regionally distinctive ecological and biological diversities within Japan. Thus, the introduction of one species endemic to one region to another region is often inadequately addressed.
4) Alien Species Issues in the Islands of Okinawa
Rich in biodiversity with various endemic species, the some 160 islands of Okinawa are regarded as an important region for environmental protection and conservation in Japan. Located in a sub-tropical zone and geographically separated by water from mainland Japan, these islands of Okinawa present distinctive but vulnarable ecological systems much different from those of mainland Japan. The Government of Japan has been promoting the northern part of Okinawa Island and Iriomote Island, along with Tokunoshima Island and Amamiosima Island, as candidate sites for UNESCO’s World Natural Heritage.
However, the islands of Okinawa have been facing serious challenges from the spread of alien species caused by both intentional and unintentional introductions of them. The most-cited example of alien species problems is that of the mangoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). It was introduced into Okinawa Island in 1910 and Amamioshima Island in 1979 in an attempt to control the population of venomous snakes. The mangoose however consume other small animals including endemic and endangered birds instead of venomous snakes and their population has become large. Efforts have been made by the national and prefectural governments to eradicate the mangoose, but with very limited success. This indicates that, given the vulnerable nature of island ecosystems, alien species, whether introduced intentionally or unintentionally, could be threats to the endemic species as well as to the entire ecosystems of the islands.
Complicating this situation are two current developments taking place in Okinawa. One is the ever-increasing number of tourists from both within and outside Japan coming to the islands of Okinawa. According to the statistics published by the Department of Culture, Tourism and Sports of the Okinawa prefectural government, the number of tourists visiting Okinawa in 2014 was a 7,056,200. This number is five times larger than the population of entire Okinawa. The increase in the number of tourists implies that more agricultural and aquaculture products are being transported by ships and planes from outside Okinawa for consumption and more construction materials for infrastructure improvement, including the construction of a new runway for the airport in Naha. All this has increased the possibilities of unintentional introductions of alien species to Okinawa via ships and planes. If not managed properly, this would have irreversible adverse effects on the ecosystem of the islands.
5) Construction of a U.S. Marine Corps Airbase and Alien Species
The other development that complicates the situation of alien species in Okinawa is the controversial plan by the Government of Japan and the Government of the United States to construct a U.S. Marin Corps facility (airbase) in the area of Henoko and Oura Bay in northern Okinawa Island. The construction of the airbase, which include two runways aligned in a “V”-shape, each runway having a length of 1,600 meters plus two 100-meter overruns exclusive of seawalls and naval port, requires massive land reclamation with 21 million cubic meters of soil and rock. Land reclamation works in turn requires transportation of 17 million cubic meters of soil and rock to the area from outside Okinawa, drastically increasing the possibilities of introduction and spread of alien species to Okinawa. This means that not only will the construction of the airbase damage the environment of Henoko and Oura Bay but it will also have far reaching effects over entire Okinawa Island and beyond.
The area of Henoko and Oura Bay is extremely rich in biodiversity. According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) conducted by the Ministry of Defense for the construction of the airbase, 5,334 marine species including 262 endangered species were recorded in the coastal waters. Among these endangered species is the dugong (Dugong dugon), which is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and as Endangered IA on the Japanese Ministry of Environment’s Red List. In fact, the IUCN World Conservation Congress in the past adopted three times Resolutions and Recommendation for conservation of the Dugong in Okinawa (2000, 2004 and 2008). Independent surveys conducted by experts and NGOs have recorded unidentified species of a huge sea cucumber and many other unidentified species of sponges, ctenophores, gorgonians, sea slugs, crabs. The surveys concluded that species diversity in this area might be greater than it is currently recognized (Ecological Society of Japan, 2014, NACS-J 2014).
The area of Henoko and Oura Bay also presents a distinctive ecosystem consisting of different but connected ecosystems and habitats in such a compact area. The area includes rivers flowing from the dense subtropical forest, mangrove forests developing in the estuaries, natural coasts (sandy beaches and rocky shores) and tidal flats bordering the bay, well-developed coral reefs with seaweed fields developing inside the reefs, and the deep bottoms with fine-sand, muddy, and boulder beds. This type of ecosystem is rarely found in other areas of Japan. In fact, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment has selected the area as one of the most important marine areas in Japan.
It is in this environment that 21 million cubic meters of soil and rock will be dumped and 17 million cubic meters of it will be obtained and transported from outside Okinawa. The proposed quarry sites include Setouchi, Goto, Sata misaki,Moji, Amakusa in mainland Japan and Amamioshima, Tokunoshima in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Both Amamioshima and Tokunoshima are, along with Okinawa Island and Iriomote Island, also designated as candidate sites for World Natural Heritage by the Government of Japan.
The transportation of a large quantity of soil and rock across different climate and geographical zones will certainly increase the possibilities of introductions of alien species to Okinawa Island, and this would also have far reaching effects on other islands of Okinawa if such species spread. Specific concern has been raised over the possible impact of Aspergillus species and Serratia marcescens on coral species in Okinawa. Also concern has been raised over the possible introduction of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), one of the 100 “worst invasive alien species,” to the area of Henoko and Oura Bay as the Argentine ant has become a serious problem in some of these proposed sites on mainland Japan from which soil and rock will be obtained and transported.
6) Response from the Government of Japan to the Possibilities of Introductions of Alien Species to Okinawa
So far, the Government of Japan has not addressed in any meaningful manner the issues of possibilities of introduction of alien species to Okinawa through the construction of the airbase to Okinawa. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) conducted by the Okinawa Defense Bureau for the construction of the airbase did not address the issues because, at that time, it was still unclear where soil and rock would be obtained from for land reclamation. The subsequent process of land reclamation approval revealed candidate quarry sites in mainland Japan, and questions were raised by experts and NGOs over the issues of prevention of alien species. The Government then took the stance that the issues of alien species would be addressed and resolved mainly by private companies contracted for extraction and transportation of soil and rock while the Government would oversee the companies’ operations. Today, the Government of Japan still maintains the same stance while no private companies have come forward to present their plans to prevent the introduction and spread of alien species.
Meanwhile, as criticism by experts and NGOs mounted over the EIA and the Land Reclamation Approval processes over the years, the present Governor of Okinawa assembled an independent committee to review the land reclamation approval process and the EIA in 2015. The committee concluded that the process was flawed and indeed aruged that issues regarding alien species were not addressed adequately. Based upon these conclusions, the present Governor rescinded the land reclamation permit in October 2015. The Government of Japan in turn filed a lawsuit against the present Governor of Okinawa for rescinding the land reclamation permit, arguing that the EIA conclusions and the land reclamation process were all valid. The Governor filed a counter lawsuit against the Government of Japan.
Conclusion
Today, as the court battles continue between the Government of Japan and the Okinawa Prefectural Government over the construction of the airbase, and as the people of Okinawa continue to protest the construction of the airbase, the Government of Japan and the Government of the US are proceeding with the construction of the airbase. Many argue that not only will the construction of the airbase destroy the environment of Henoko and Oura Bay but it could also have far reaching effects over entire Okinawa Island and beyond because of the possibilities of the introduction of alien species to Okinawa through the construction of the airbase. So far, however, no proper scientific inquiry has been made regarding these possibilities. Concerted efforts from the governments and the international community are urgently needed to address the issues.
Reference：
1) Resolution of CBD COP12 (TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN ISLANDS) https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/cop/cop-12/information/cop-12-inf-08-en.pdf
2) Seeking Expert Guidance and Advice for Dr. Piero Genovesi, Invasive Species Specialist Group Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature (February 2014)
http://www.nacsj.or.jp/katsudo/henoko/2014/02/post-83.html
3) Ikeda, T., Asano, M., Matoba, Y. and Abe, G. 2004. Present
status of invasive alien raccoon and its impact in Japan. Glob.
Environ. Res. 8: 125–131.
10. Infectious, A. S. R. 2010.
4) Yamada, F. and Sugimura, K. 2004. Negative impact of an
invasive small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus on native
wildlife species and evaluation of a control project in Amami-
Ohshima and Okinawa Islands, Japan. Glob. Environ. Res. 8:
117–124.
5) ^ "The Small Asian Mongoose introduced to the Island of Okinawa and Amami-Oshima: The Impact and Control Measure." Science Links Japan. Accessed 15 Feb 2009.
http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2009/01/japan%E2%80%99s-invasive-alien-species-act-toward-protecting-ecosystems/
Posted by くろてなまこ at
21:45
│Comments(0)
2010年08月02日
辺野古緊急調査終了！
7月24～25日に沖縄・辺野古海域で行った海草（うみくさ）藻場の緊急調査が無事終了しました。
政府は、普天間飛行場代替施設の工法や位置について検討中です。
今回行った緊急調査のデータ結果を急ぎ取りまとめ、公表したいと考えています。
調査にご寄付・ご協力くださった皆さま、本当にありがとうございました。
◆朝日新聞 http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0724/TKY201007240350.html
◆沖縄タイムス http://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/article/20100725_8368/
◆琉球朝日放送（動画） http://www.qab.co.jp/news/2010072520076.html
◆NHK沖縄
http://megalodon.jp/2010-0726-0235-17/www.nhk.or.jp/lnews/okinawa/5095543812
.html
◆読売新聞
（記事）
http://kyushu.yomiuri.co.jp/news-spe/20090415-254943/news/20100725-OYS1T0030
3.htm
（動画） http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/stream/m_news/vn100726_6.htm
◇自然保護協会 事務局日誌（http://www.nacsj.or.jp/diary2/）
にも早速その様子を掲載いたしました。
安部＠NACSJ
政府は、普天間飛行場代替施設の工法や位置について検討中です。
今回行った緊急調査のデータ結果を急ぎ取りまとめ、公表したいと考えています。
調査にご寄付・ご協力くださった皆さま、本当にありがとうございました。
◆朝日新聞 http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0724/TKY201007240350.html
◆沖縄タイムス http://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/article/20100725_8368/
◆琉球朝日放送（動画） http://www.qab.co.jp/news/2010072520076.html
◆NHK沖縄
http://megalodon.jp/2010-0726-0235-17/www.nhk.or.jp/lnews/okinawa/5095543812
.html
◆読売新聞
（記事）
http://kyushu.yomiuri.co.jp/news-spe/20090415-254943/news/20100725-OYS1T0030
3.htm
（動画） http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/stream/m_news/vn100726_6.htm
◇自然保護協会 事務局日誌（http://www.nacsj.or.jp/diary2/）
にも早速その様子を掲載いたしました。
安部＠NACSJ
Posted by くろてなまこ at
17:27
│Comments(0)
2010年08月02日
辺野古 サンゴ白化情報
辺野古、平島の南（通称：大西サンゴ）に位置するハナガササンゴ。最初に確認したのは７月２４日、大西照雄さんです。これを会員の牧志治さんに調べていただきました（7/31）。
白化していたサンゴの群落は、南北に7～8メートル、その幅２～３メートル、深度4メートル程度です。高さは高いところで１メートル程です。
白化の割合は、４－６割程度。今後の状況を見守る必要があります。水温は29度台で高めでした。
白化していたサンゴの群落は、南北に7～8メートル、その幅２～３メートル、深度4メートル程度です。高さは高いところで１メートル程です。
白化の割合は、４－６割程度。今後の状況を見守る必要があります。水温は29度台で高めでした。
Posted by くろてなまこ at
16:28
│Comments(0)
